elofvisuality—theMathematicalProcessingInstrument(MPI),whichhasbeenusedextensivelyinfurtherresearchonthistopic.Asurprisingresultfromthisliteratureisthatthewideuseofvisualimagesisnotalwayseffectiveandcansometimesleadtoerroneoussolutionsofmathematicalproblems.Findinganegativecorrelationbetweenmathematicalvisualityandbothspatialabilityandmathematicalperformance,LeanandClements()concludedthatverbalizersoutperformvisualizersonbothmathematicalandspatialabilitytests.Onthispoint,Presmeg(a,b)identifiedfivekindsofimageryusedbyhighschoolstudentsinsolvingmathematicalproblems:(a)concretepictorialimagery(picturesinthemind);(b)patternimagery(purerelationshipsdepictedinavisual-spatialscheme);(c)kinestheticimagery,whichinvolveshandmovementandothergestures;(d)dynamicimagery,whichinvolvesdynamictransformationsofgeometricfigures;and(e)memoryofformul。
有趣是,尽管学生在