pcardshaveon-lineconnectionstothesystem‟shostcomputerforsecurityreasons.However,thisgeneratesconsiderabledatatransmissioncosts.Thedevelopmentofthesmartcard,combinedwiththeexpansionofelectronicdataprocessinghascreatedcompletelynewpossibilitiesforsolvingthisproblem.Progressinmicroelectronicsinthe‟smadeitpossibletointegratedatastorageandarithmeticlogiconasinglesiliconchipmeasuringafewsquaremillimeters[].TheideasofincorporatingsuchanintegratedcircuitintoanIDcardwascontainedinapatentapplicationfiledinJapanbyKunitakaArimurainJapanconcerning“aplasticcardincorporatingoneormoreintegratedcircuitchipsforthegenerationofdistinguishingsignals”in[].However,thefirstrealprogressinthedevelopmentofsmartcardscamewhenRonalMorenoregisteredhissmartcardpatenton“anindependentelectronicobjec行方应用,密钥、解密许可。
钥匙函数作为安全运行环境